It is used only at the end of words in some special cases to denote the neuternon-feminine aspect of the word (mainly verbs), where t marbah cannot be used. 2. A way of writing the letter y without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan.

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It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters.

Most letters have contextual letterforms.

The Arabic script is also a religious text, it is used mainly in Islamic countries, namely in Arabia, North Africa, PersiaIran, Central Asia and the Northwestern Indian Subcontinent.

Adaptations of the Arabic script for other languages added and removed some letters, as for Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Central Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Malay, Pashto, Arwi and Arabi Malayalam, all of which have additional letters as shown below.

These dots are an integral part of a letter, since they distinguish between letters that represent different sounds.

For example, the Arabic letters (b), (t) and (th) have the same basic shape, but have one dot below, two dots above and three dots above, respectively.

The letter (n) also has the same form in initial and medial forms, with one dot above, though it is somewhat different in isolated and final form.

In this order, letters are also used as numbers, Abjad numerals, and possess the same alphanumeric code cipher as Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy.

Loss of same was compensated for by the split of shin into two independent Arabic letters, ( shn ) and ( sn ) which moved up to take the place of same.

The six other letters that do not correspond to any north Semitic letter are placed at the end.

Letters can exhibit up to four distinct forms corresponding to an initial, medial (middle), final, or isolated position ( IMFI ).

While some letters show considerable variations, others remain almost identical across all four positions.

Generally, letters in the same word are linked together on both sides by short horizontal lines, but six letters (,,,,, ) can only be linked to their preceding letter.

For example, ( Ararat ) has only isolated forms because each letter cannot be connected to its following one.

Likewise the letters and are used to transcribe the vowels o and e respectively in loanwords and dialects.

Standard t, to distinguish it from t marbah, is referred to as t maftah (, open t ).

It is used at the end of words with the sound of a in Modern Standard Arabic that are not categorized in the use of t marbah () mainly some verbs tenses and Arabic masculine names.

Also names are regularly transcribed as pronounced locally, not as pronounced in Literary Arabic (if they were of Arabic origin).

In practice, pronunciation may vary considerably from region to region.

For more details concerning the pronunciation of Arabic, consult the articles Arabic phonology and varieties of Arabic.

The following letter is written in its initial form, or isolated form if it is the final letter in the word.

Today it has lost its function as a consonant, and, together with ya and ww, is a mater lectionis, a consonant sign standing in for a long vowel (see below), or as support for certain diacritics ( maddah and hamzah ).

However, it is sometimes combined with a ww, y, or alif, and in that case the carrier behaves like an ordinary ww, y, or alif.

It is used only at the end of words in some special cases to denote the neuternon-feminine aspect of the word (mainly verbs), where t marbah cannot be used.

A way of writing the letter y without its dots at the end of words, either traditionally or in contemporary use in Egypt and Sudan.

Alif Baa Taa